ABSTRACT
Undoubtedly, technology has not only transformed our world of work and lifestyle, but it also carries with it a lot of security challenges. The Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is one of the most prominent attacks witnessed by cyberspace of the current era. This paper outlines several DDoS attacks, their mitigation stages, propagation of attacks, malicious codes, and finally provides redemptions of exhibiting normal and DDoS attacked scenarios. A case study of a SYN flooding attack has been exploited by using Metasploit. The utilization of CPU frame length and rate have been observed in normal and attacked phases. Preliminary results clearly show that in a normal scenario, CPU usage is about 20%. However, in attacked phases with the same CPU load, CPU execution overhead is nearly 90% or 100%. Thus, through this research, the major difference was found in CPU usage, frame length, and degree of data flow. Wireshark tool has been used for network traffic analyzer. © 2022 Bharati Vidyapeeth, New Delhi.
ABSTRACT
Background The effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in the midst of a pandemic depends on both the vaccine's effectiveness and the general population's willingness to be vaccinated. To estimate the proportion of the general population willing to get COVID-19 vaccination and to identify factors, ie, the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, and WHO Regions contributing to the willingness rate, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis compliant with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Methods A search of the existing relevant literature was conducted by means of Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Registers, and other sources in order to identify studies published between November 2019 and April 2021. A total of 19 studies from 11 countries that satisfied the inclusion criteria (ie, studies exclusively on the general population, and participants aged 16 years and above) were retrieved. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and the Egger's test. A meta-analysis and a meta-regression analysis were conducted using STATA 16.1 software. Results The pooled rate of willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine among the general population was calculated to be 60.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 51.5, 68.4). Meta-analyses showed, on the one hand, that the highest pooled willingness to get vaccinated was 73% (95% CI = 62.3, 84.1) in the studies of countries with 1000-4000 COVID-19 cases per million population and, on the other, that the same measure was 71% (95% CI = 53.2, 89.1) in countries reporting >400 COVID-19 deaths per million population. The acceptance rates also varied in different WHO regions of the world. The meta-regression analysis showed that a COVID-19 death rate of >400 per million population or higher was significantly associated (P = 0.02) with the willingness rate. Conclusions The overall willingness among the general global population to get a COVID-19 vaccine is moderately high;however, the existence of hesitancy might be a major obstacle to the global efforts to control the current pandemic. Understanding the critical factors influencing the acceptance of pandemic vaccines may help health authorities to manage emerging public health threats better.